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TCP/IP or DOD Model
Protocol Use at each of the TCP/IP Model Layers
At each layer of the TCP/IP Model there are associated protocols that are in use. These too loosely map to the same ones that are found as part of the OSI Model.At the Application layer you can find many but some of the more common ones include:
- BOOTP - Bootstrap Protocol
- DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
- DNS - Domain Name System (Service) Protocol
- FTP - File Transfer Protocol
- HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol
- IMAP - IMAP4, Internet Message Access Protocol (version 4)
- IRCP - Internet Relay Chat Protocol
- LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
- LPD - Line Printer Daemon Protocol
- MIME (S-MIME) - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions and Secure MIME
- NFS - Network File System
- NIS - Network Information Service
- NNTP - Network News Transfer Protocol
- NTP - Network Time Protocol
- POP - POP3, Post Office Protocol (version 3)
- RDP - Remote Desktop Protocol
- RPC - Remote Procedure Call
- SMB - Server Message Block
- SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
- SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
- SNTP - Simple Network Time Protocol
- SSH - Secure Shell
- TELNET - Terminal Emulation Protocol of TCP/IP
- TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol
- X.400 - Message Handling Service Protocol
- X.500 - Directory Access Protocol (DAP)
- ATP - AppleTalk Transaction Protocol
- FCP - Fiber Channel Protocol
- NBF - NetBIOS Frames protocol
- SPX - Sequenced Packet Exchange
- TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
- UDP - User Datagram Protocol
- At the Internet Layer you can find:
- IPv4 - Internet Protocol v4
- IPv6 - Internet Protocol v6
- ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
- IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol
- IPSec - Internet Protocol Security
- Ethernet
- Token Ring
- FDDI - Fiber Distributed Data Interface
- X.25
- Frame Relay
- RS-232
- v.35
In this article we reviewed the tie in of the TCP/IP / DOD Model to the CCNA and Network+ exams as well as took a look at the breakdown of the Four Layers of the TCP/IP Model
We wrapped up with a quick look at some of the protocols that are in use at each of the TCP/IP Model Layers
Thanks for investing your time in my Introduction to the DOD / TCP/IP Model article.
I am always looking forward to any feedback you have on this or any of the articles I have written so feel free to offer your feedback.
Additionally, I would welcome any suggestions topics of interest that you would like to see and based on demand and column space I’ll do what I can to deliver them to you.
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Practice Questions
Cisco IOS
Free CCNA Practice Stuff Packet Tracer Activities Practice Questions For CCNA Exam
1: In which of the following modes in Cisco's IOS can you issues how commands? (Choose two.)
A. User
B. Privileged
C. Line Configuration
D. Global Configuration
2: You are the network administrator for a large corporation. You want to be able to store all your
configurations in a centralized location. Which of these servers will allow you to do so? (Choose two.)
A. FTP
B. TFTP
C. SQL
D. Oracle
3: You need to troubleshoot your network IP connectivity. Which of the following commands would you use
to find the IP address on your Ethernet 0 interface?
A. ping
B. IPConfig
C. traceroute
D. Show interface Ethernet 0
4: Which command would you use at the CLI in User mode to enter Privileged EXEC mode?
A. Privilege
B. Admin
C. Enable
D. Disable
5: You have just received 14 Catalyst switches for your network. You would like to install these switches
into your production network to provide separate collision domains for each of the connected devices.
What configuration is required to provide this functionality?
A. No configuration is required.
B. You must set up an IP address on the switch.
C. You must configure unique VLANs on the switches.
D. You must install the Cisco IOS.
6: Which of the following prompts indicates your router is in Privileged EXEC mode?
A. Router>
B. Router#
C. Router&
D. Router$
7: You have made a console connection to your Cisco Catalyst switch and you see the > symbol in
HyperTerminal. What does it mean?
A. You are in Privileged EXEC mode.
B. You are in User EXEC mode.
C. The switch has not been configured.
D. The switch is in need of repairs.
8: You would like to assign a meaningful name to your Catalyst switch. What command should you use?
A. enable
B. host name
C. hostname
D. name
9: You need to assign an IP address to your Catalyst 2950 switch. You are at the HQ_SW1> prompt. What
is the correct series of commands? (cr = carriage return)
A. enable ip address 10.1.1.1
B. enable ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
C. enable configure terminal ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
D. enable configure terminal interface vlan 1 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
10: Which of the following commands displays the syntax for thec lock command?
A. cl?
B. clock?
C. clock ?
D. cl ?
11: Which of the following commands allows you to configure a welcoming message whenever you log in to
a router?
A. Router(config)# banner message
B. Router(config)# banner motd &
C. Router# banner motd #
D. Router# banner message !
12: You need to connect to your 2621XM router to configure an interface. Which of the following methods
allows you to connect to and issue commands on the router? (Choose three.)
A. Telnet
B. FTP
C. Console connection
D. AUX connection
13: You want to prevent unauthorized users from plugging their laptops into the router. What type of
password helps prevent this issue?
A. Vty
B. Interface
C. Console
D. Enable
14: You have connected to the console port and are running HyperTerminal. You see only scrambled
characters and symbols. What is the most likely solution to this problem?
A. Change the connectors.
B. Use a different Terminal program.
C. Reset the router.
D. Adjust the baud rate of your COM port.
15: Which of the following commands would you type to receive this output shown in the figure above?
A. Show running-config
B. Show startup-config
C. Show ip route
D. Show version
16: You are configuring a router named East for authentication with a router named West using CHAP. What
username should you configure on East to allow the routers to communicate?
A. East
B. West
C. South
D. North
17: What is the default point-to-point encapsulation protocol used on a Cisco router?
A. PPP
B. SLIP
C. HDLC
D. ATM
18: What type of handshake occurs with CHAP authentication?
A. One-way
B. Two-way
C. Three-way
D. Mutual
19: You have connected to your Cisco router through a Telnet connection. To test one of your connections,
you use a debug ip packet command. Even though you are sure traffic is passing through your router,
nothing is reported in your terminal window. What is the most likely cause of this problem?
A. There is no debug ip packet command.
B. You need to type in the terminal monitor command to see debug output from a Telnet session.
C. This command displays information only if the interface experiences trouble. No output
indicates that the interface is fine.
D. Cisco routers do not allow you to enable debug commands remotely due to security
restrictions.
20: Which of the following commands would you type to see this output on your Cisco router shown in the
previous figure?
A. Show version
B. Show running-config
C. Show startup-config
D. Show router setup
Solutions :
1. A,B
2. A,B
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. C
11. B
12. A,C,D
13. C
14. D
15. A
16. B
17. C
18. C
19. B
20. A
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Practice Questions
Frame Relay
Free CCNA Practice Stuff Packet Tracer Activities Practice Questions For CCNA Exam
1: Your junior network administrator asks what type of frame relay encapsulation should be
used for your branch office, which contains 25 routers: 15 are Cisco 2611s, 5 are Cisco
3640s, and 5 are a mix of other vendors. What do you tell her?
A. Cisco
B. Q.333a
C. IETF
D. ANSI
2: What function does a frame relay DLCI provide with respect to a router and a frame relay
switch?
A. Defines the signaling standard between a router and the frame relay switch
B. Identifies the signaling between a router and the destination router
C. Identifies the circuit between a router and the frame relay switch
D. Identifies the encapsulation used between two routers
3: What is the default Local Management Interface (LMI) frame type used by a Cisco router?
A. ANSI
B. Cisco
C. IETF
D. Q.933a
E. Modified cut-through
4: You are required to troubleshoot the WAN link between the Acme, Inc., main office in
Baltimore and the Acme, Inc., remote office in Taiwan. A Cisco router that was providing
frame relay connectivity at the Taiwan site is replaced with a different vendor's frame relay
router. Connectivity is now down between the Baltimore and Taiwan site, but you can still
get to the Phoenix remote site using frame relay. What is the most likely cause of the
problem?
A. Mismatched LMI types
B. Incorrect DLCI
C. No authentication
D. Incorrect IP address mapping
5: You are having routing table issues because of RIP running over your frame relay
connections. Your router is not updating other remote sites as a result of split-horizon
issues. What can you do to alleviate this problem?
A. Create frame relay maps
B. Configure frame relay proxies
C. Configure LMI to update the router
D. Create sub-interfaces on the interface the updates come in on
6: Frame relay is an ITU-T and ANSI standard that defines the process of sending data over a
______________.
A. Packet-switched line
B. B. Circuit-switched line
C. C. Leased-line
D. D. Local area network
7: Frame relay primarily encapsulates information from the upper layers of the OSI Model at
the ___________ layer.
A. Application
B. Transport
C. Session
D. Data-link
E. Physical
8: Which of the following is the signaling standard between the router device and the frame
relay switch that is responsible for managing the connection and maintaining the status
between the devices?
A. DLCI
B. LMI
C. PVC
D. IETF
9: In which frame relay topology do all routers have virtual circuits to all other destinations?
A. Star
B. Hub and spoke
C. Bus
D. Partial mesh
E. Full mesh
10: The nonbroadcast multi-access nature of frame relay causes issues with what routing loop
preventative mechanism?
A. Route poisoning
B. Hold-down timers
C. Triggered updates
D. Split-horizon
11: If you are unable to support Inverse ARP to map DLCIs to network layer addresses, what
method do you need to use?
A. Static routes
B. Static maps
C. DHCP
D. LMI mapping
12: Which of the following commands configures a static map of the remote IP address
172.16.12.2 to the DLCI of 100?
A. Frame relay map dlci 100 ip 172.16.12.2
B. Frame relay rarp ip 172.16.12.2 100
C. Frame relay lmi dlci 172.16.12.2 100 broadcast
D. Frame relay map ip 172.16.12.2 100 broadcast
13: Which of the following commands gives you the current frame relay map entries?
A. Show ip frame
B. Show ip route
C. Show frame relay map
D. Show ip interfaces brief
14: What are issues to consider if you turn off split-horizon in a frame relay environment?
(Choose two.)
A. You cannot turn off split-horizon on an IP network.
B. Routing updates can no longer get through.
C. Not all Layer 3 protocols allow you to disable split-horizon.
D. You can open up your network to routing loops.
15: When you are setting up frame relay for point-to-point sub-interfaces, which of the following
must not be configured?
A. The frame relay encapsulation on the physical interface
B. The local DLCI on each sub-interface
C. An IP address on the physical interface
D. The sub-interface type as point-to-point
16: The frame relay circuit illustrated in the figure below is experiencing congestion. Which of
the following techniques could be used to help alleviate the congestion and notify the
routers? (Choose three.)
A. FECN
B. BECN
C. DE bit
D. LMI
E. CIR
17: Which frame relay mechanism is responsible for transmitting keepalives to ensure that the
PVC does not shut down because of inactivity?
A. LMI
B. BECN
C. FECN
D. DLCI
18: You are the network administrator of a frame relay network topology that consists of a
high-speed (1.544Mbps) connection at the central site and low-speed (64Kbps) connections
at the branch sites. Because of the speed mismatch, a bottleneck often exists for traffic on a
virtual circuit when the central site tries to communicate with the branch offices. What can
you do to resolve this issue without spending more money?
A. Use a slower link at the branch offices
B. Use a faster link at the branch offices
C. Use frame relay traffic shaping
D. Use more PVCs
19: Your junior network administrator asks you what the CIR is with regard to frame relay. What
do you tell her?
A. It's the value that specifies the maximum average data rate that the network
undertakes to deliver under "normal conditions."
B. It's a 10-bit number in the address field of the frame relay frame header that
identifies the VC.
C. It's a method of dynamically associating the remote router network layer
address with a local DLCI.
D. It's a signaling standard between the router (DTE device) and the local frame
relay switch (DCE device).
20: You are the network administrator for a medium-size corporation with eight branch offices.
Each office is running frame relay to your central site and is running connections to the
other offices for a full mesh topology. You are told that you have just added two new branchoffices that need to be fully meshed. How many total PVCs must you have in your full mesh?
A. 10
B. 20
C. 25
D. 45
Solutions :
1. C
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. A
7. D
8. B
9. E
10. D
11. B
12. D
13. C
14. C,D
15. C
16. A,B,C
17. A
18. C
19. A
20. D
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Practice Questions